Research code: 162654648
Ethics code: IR.IAU.QOM.REC.1402.005
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Hosseini Nasab S E, Rahimi E. Investigating the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 and Microbial Contamination in Raw, Traditional, and Pasteurized Milk Produced in Qom City, Iran, in 2022. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2023; 17 : 2764.1
URL: http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-3735-en.html
URL: http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-3735-en.html
1- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
2- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran. ,ebrahimrahimi55@yahoo.com
2- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran. ,
Abstract: (684 Views)
Background and Objectives: Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites found in foods. After eating foods containing aflatoxin B1, the ruminants metabolize the toxin and excrete aflatoxin M1 in their milk. The permissible level of aflatoxin in milk is not more than 50 ng/L. This study aims to investigate the amount of aflatoxin M1 in the collected raw, traditional, and synthetic milk using the ELISA method. We also intend to determine the adulteration of raw milk in Qom City, Iran.
Methods: From the supply centers, 180 samples of raw, milk, and pasteurized were prepared in Qom and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The chi-square test was performed using SPSS software, version 26. The level of significance was set at <0.005.
Results: Investigations showed that all sampled milk was contaminated with aflatoxin, but the contamination was not beyond the standard limit. However, the level of microbial contamination was high. Regarding milk adulteration, we found 4, 0, and 2 cases of adulteration in raw, traditional, and industrial milk samples, respectively.
Conclusion: The milk tested in this study is safe for consumption regarding aflatoxin M1 contamination. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of aflatoxin B1 levels in livestock diets and aflatoxin M1 in dairy milk is necessary, especially for countries at high risk for aflatoxin M1 contamination.
Methods: From the supply centers, 180 samples of raw, milk, and pasteurized were prepared in Qom and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The chi-square test was performed using SPSS software, version 26. The level of significance was set at <0.005.
Results: Investigations showed that all sampled milk was contaminated with aflatoxin, but the contamination was not beyond the standard limit. However, the level of microbial contamination was high. Regarding milk adulteration, we found 4, 0, and 2 cases of adulteration in raw, traditional, and industrial milk samples, respectively.
Conclusion: The milk tested in this study is safe for consumption regarding aflatoxin M1 contamination. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of aflatoxin B1 levels in livestock diets and aflatoxin M1 in dairy milk is necessary, especially for countries at high risk for aflatoxin M1 contamination.
Article number: 2764.1
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
میکروب شناسی
Received: 2023/05/6 | Accepted: 2023/07/24 | Published: 2023/08/1
Received: 2023/05/6 | Accepted: 2023/07/24 | Published: 2023/08/1
References
1. Muehlhoff E, Bennett A, McMahon D. Milk and dairy products in human nutrition. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2013. [Link]
2. Temerbayeva M, Rebezov M, Okuskhanova E, Smolnikova F, Sharma S, Mustafayeva A, et al. [Technology of sour milk product for elderly nutrition (Russian)]. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2018; 9(1):291-5. [Link]
3. Coelho MC, Malcata FX, Silva CCG. Lactic acid bacteria in raw-milk cheeses: From starter cultures to probiotic functions. Foods. 2022; 11(15):2276. [DOI:10.3390/foods11152276] [PMID] [DOI:10.3390/foods11152276]
4. Negash D. A review of aflatoxin: Occurrence, prevention, and gaps in both food and feed safety. J Nutr Health Food Eng. 2018; 8(2):190-7. [DOI:10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00268] [DOI:10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00268]
5. Jafari K, Fathabad AE, Fakhri Y, Shamsaei M, Miri M, Farahmandfar R, et al. Aflatoxin M1 in traditional and industrial pasteurized milk samples from Tiran County, Isfahan Province: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Ital J Food Sci. 2021; 33(SP1):103-16. [DOI:10.15586/ijfs.v33iSP1.2054] [DOI:10.15586/ijfs.v33iSP1.2054]
6. Abbas A, Wright CW, El-Sawi N, Yli-Mattila T, Malinen AM. A methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum modulates secondary metabolism regulator genes in Aspergillus flavus and shuts down aflatoxin production. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):5995. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-09913-3] [PMID] [DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-09913-3]
7. Ren X, Branà MT, Haidukowski M, Gallo A, Zhang Q, Logrieco AF, et al. Potential of trichoderma spp. for biocontrol of aflatoxin-producing aspergillus flavus. Toxins. 2022; 14(2):86. [DOI:10.3390/toxins14020086] [PMID] [DOI:10.3390/toxins14020086]
8. Yang M, Zhu Z, Zhuang Z, Bai Y, Wang S, Ge F. Proteogenomic characterization of the pathogenic fungus aspergillus flavus reveals novel genes involved in aflatoxin production. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2021; 20:100013. [DOI:10.1074/mcp.RA120.002144] [PMID] [DOI:10.1074/mcp.RA120.002144]
9. Ismaiel AA, Tharwat NA, Sayed MA, Gameh SA. Two-year survey on the seasonal incidence of aflatoxin M1 in traditional dairy products in Egypt. J Food Sci Technol. 2020; 57(6):2182-9. [DOI:10.1007/s13197-020-04254-3] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s13197-020-04254-3]
10. Fallah AA, Rahnama M, Jafari T, Saei-Dehkordi SS. Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 contamination in industrial and traditional Iranian dairy products. Food Control. 2011; 22(10):1653-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.024] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.024]
11. Ghasemian SO. [Aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw cow milk of dairy farms in Behbahan area, Khuzestan province, Iran (Persian)]. Tolooebehdasht. 2019; 18(2):46-56. [DOI:10.18502/tbj.v18i2.1263] [DOI:10.18502/tbj.v18i2.1263]
12. Tabari M, Tabari K, Tabari O. Aflatoxin M1 determination in yoghurt produced in Guilan province of Iran using immunoaffinity column and high-performance liquid chromatography. Toxicol Ind Health. 2013; 29(1):72-6. [DOI:10.1177/0748233712446729] [PMID] [DOI:10.1177/0748233712446729]
13. Ebadi A, Bonyadian M, Abasvali M, Torian F, Hashemi Z. [Study on raw milk adulterations delivered to dairy processing plants in Mazandaran province (Persian)]. J Food Sci Technol. 2020; 17(105):63-70. [DOI:10.52547/fsct.17.105.63] [DOI:10.52547/fsct.17.105.63]
14. Ayazi N, Heidarzadi MA, Kohneh Poushi M, Karami M, Sabzibalkhkanlo A, Gorgin Karaji K. [Investigating the amount of microbial contamination of pasteurized milk in Kermanshah city with coliform and the total number of bacteria (Persian)]. J Altern Vet Med. 2022; 5(12):702-9. [Link]
15. Kamkar A, Jahed KGR, Alavi S. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2011; 8(2):133-40. [Link]
16. Kamkar A, Fallah AA, Mozaffari Nejad AS. The review of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and dairy products produced in Iran. Toxin Rev. 2014; 33(4):160-8. [DOI:10.3109/15569543.2014.922580] [DOI:10.3109/15569543.2014.922580]
17. Yahyaraeyat R, Shokri H, Khosravi AR, Torabi S. [Evaluation of the contamination of aflatoxin M1 level in raw milk samples by ELISA method in Yazd province (Persian)]. J Vet Res. 2017; 72(3):313-21. [DOI:10.22059/JVR.2017.222337.2551]
18. Mukhtar F, Umar S, Bukar A, Muhammad H. Occurrence and level of Aflatoxin M1 in fresh raw cow milk within Zaria metropolis. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2022; 13(1):107-11. [Link]
19. Guo LY, Zheng N, Zhang YD, Du R, Zheng BQ, Wang JQ. A survey of seasonal variations of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in Tangshan region of China during 2012-2014. Food Control. 2016; 69:30-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.017] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.017]
20. Golge O. A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Adana province of Turkey. Food Control. 2014; 45:150-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.039] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.039]
21. Omar SS. Aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk, pasteurised milk and infant formula. Ital J Food Saf. 2016; 5(3):5788.[DOI:10.4081/ijfs.2016.5788] [PMID] [DOI:10.4081/ijfs.2016.5788]
22. Vagef R, Mahmoudi R. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk produced in west region of Iran (during summer and winter). Int Food Res J. 2013; 20(3):1421-5. [Link]
23. Ayoub M, Sobeih A, Raslan AA. Evaluation of aflatoxin M1 in raw, processed milk and some milk products in Cairo with special reference to its recovery. Researcher. 2011; 3:5-11. [Link]
24. Fallah AA. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in dairy products marketed in Iran during winter and summer. Food Control. 2010; 21(11):1478-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.04.017] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.04.017]
25. Tajik H, Rohani SM, Moradi M. Detection of aflatoxin M1 in raw and commercial pasteurized milk in Urmia, Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007; 10(22):4103-7. [DOI:10.3923/pjbs.2007.4103.4107] [PMID] [DOI:10.3923/pjbs.2007.4103.4107]
26. Kamkar A. A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in Iranian Feta cheese. Food Control. 2006; 17(10):768-75. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.04.018] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.04.018]
27. Bateni J, Samadzadeh R. The degree of contamination of milk and traditional cheese being sold with Brucella and Escherichia coli microbes in Zanjan city. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2001; 9(35):58-65. [Link]
28. Xiong J, Xiong L, Zhou H, Liu Y, Wu L. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cow feedstuff and aflatoxin M1 in UHT and pasteurized milk in central China. Food Control. 2018; 92:386-90. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.022] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.022]
29. Fallah AA, Fazlollahi R, Emami A. Seasonal study of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk of four dairy species in Yazd, Iran. Food Control. 2016; 68:77-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.018] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.018]
30. Mahmoudi R, Shahri M, Moosavy M, Norian R. [Analysis of adulteration in raw cow milk samples collected from East Azerbaijan Province of Iran (Persian)]. Int J Food Nutr Saf. 2015; 6:150-6. [Link]
31. Chanda T, Debnath G, Hossain M, Islam M, Begum M. Adulteration of raw milk in the rural areas of Barisal district of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Anim Sci. 2012; 41(2):112-5. [DOI:10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14126] [DOI:10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14126]
32. Lateef M, Faraz A, Mustafa MI, Akhtar P, Bashir MK. Detection of adulterants and chemical composition of milk supplied to canteens of various hospitals in Faisalabad city. Pak J Zool. 2009; 9:139-42. [Link]
33. Malissiova E, Soultani G, Tsokana K, Alexandraki M, Manouras A. Exposure assessment on aflatoxin M1 from milk and dairy products-relation to public health. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022; 47:189-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.017] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.017]
34. Mohamadin M, Rama A, Seboussi R. Aflatoxin M1 in Ultra high temperature milk consumed in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. J Food Qual Hazards Control. 2022; 9(1):43-8. [DOI:10.18502/jfqhc.9.1.9689] [DOI:10.18502/jfqhc.9.1.9689]
35. Kortei NK, Annan T. Aflatoxin M1 contamination of ghanaian traditional soft cottage cheese (wagashie) and health risks associated with its consumption. J Food Qual. 2022;2022. [DOI:10.1155/2022/7595545] [DOI:10.1155/2022/7595545]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Owned by Qom University of Medical Sciences
Published by Qom University of Medical Sciences Press
eISSN: 2008-1375
pISSN: 1735-7799
Email: journal[at]muq.ac.ir
j.mua.ac[at]gmail.com
