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Soltani Najafabadi F, Amjad L, Shahanipour K, Mashayekh A M. The Effect of Olive Leaf Smoke on the Blood Factors and Tissues in Rats. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2023; 17 : 2819.1
URL: http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-3663-en.html
URL: http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-3663-en.html
1- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. ,amjad.leila@gmail.com
3- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
2- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. ,
3- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
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Introduction
In developing countries, about 80% of the population still continues to use traditional remedies for their health care. The inhalation of the smoke from the burning of medicinal plants has been used for healing by human beings since ancient times. It can provide a facilitated way for receiving a drug and shows instant pharmacological effects. This method is suitable for those who are unable to use the drug orally because of digestive problems. Direct delivery of active components to the lungs provides topical treatment and effectively brings the drug to the operation site. Thus, lower doses can lead to maximum therapeutic effect, reduced risk of side effects, significant cost savings, and reduced systemic contact with patients.
Olive (Olea europaea) leaf is an important and affordable medicinal component. Oleuropein, as the main phenolic compound of olive leaf and its extract, has many valuable effects on human health because of its antioxidant essence. The present study aims to investigate the effect of inhaling the smoke from burning olive leaf on some blood biochemical factors, liver enzymes activity, and changes in liver, kidney and lung tissues in male Wistar rats.
Methods
The olive leaves were first collected in April 2020 from five-year-old olive trees in the farms in Najafabad, Iran. The collected leaves were dried in the shade at room temperature for 10 days. In this study, 21 male Wistar rats (weighing 150‒200 g) were bought from the Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch. The rats were kept in individual cages at the ambient temperature (20‒25 °C) and relative indoor humidity of about 50% under a 12:12 h dark/light cycle. After adaption to the environmental conditions (one weak), the rats were randomly divided into three groups including control (no smoke), olive smoke for 1 hr/day, and olive smoke for 2 hr/day. For smoke production, an electric heater was used to burn the dried powders. For treatment, the rats were put in a vitreous chamber that had a spiracle for smoke entry and a spiracle to exit the additional smoke.
In the end, after 24 h from the final exposure to the smoke, all the rats were killed under ether anesthesia, and the blood samples were directly taken by using the cardiac puncture method from the rats’ hearts. The serum levels of blood biochemical parameters were assayed. Also, the liver, kidney, and lung tissues were isolated for histopathological examinations. All data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 21. To examine the differences among the groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test were used.
Results
Results showed that level of glucose increased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control group (P<0.001), but the changes in the level of ALT, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cholesterol, urea, creatinine were not significant (P>0.05). The activity level of aspartate aminotransferase and gama-glutamyltransferase after 2-h smoke treatment increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, histological studies on liver showed liver disorders in some treated groups compared to the controls, such as the lysis of hepatocytes, the accumulation of kupffer cells and lymphocytes. Moreover, lung and kidney tissues were functionally healthy.
Conclusion
Treatment with the smoke of olive leaves for two hours increased blood glucose, but did not cause significant changes in cholesterol, urea, and creatinine levels. This treatment option also increased the activity of liver enzymes. In contrast, treatment with olive leaf smoke for one hour did not cause significant changes in blood biochemical factors and liver, lung and kidney tissues in rats. Therefore, it is recommended to check the serological, biochemical and histological factors of rats 20 days after the last treatment with olive leaf smoke.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch (Code: IR.IAU.FALA.REC.1399.036).
Funding
The paper was extracted from the master’s thesis of Faezeh Soltani-Najafabadi, approved by Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, supervision: Leila Amjad, Kahin Shahanipour and Amir-Masoud Mashayekh; Writing the initial draft: Faezeh Soltani-Najafabadi; Review and editing: Leila Amjad; Resources: All authors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, for their spiritual support.
In developing countries, about 80% of the population still continues to use traditional remedies for their health care. The inhalation of the smoke from the burning of medicinal plants has been used for healing by human beings since ancient times. It can provide a facilitated way for receiving a drug and shows instant pharmacological effects. This method is suitable for those who are unable to use the drug orally because of digestive problems. Direct delivery of active components to the lungs provides topical treatment and effectively brings the drug to the operation site. Thus, lower doses can lead to maximum therapeutic effect, reduced risk of side effects, significant cost savings, and reduced systemic contact with patients.
Olive (Olea europaea) leaf is an important and affordable medicinal component. Oleuropein, as the main phenolic compound of olive leaf and its extract, has many valuable effects on human health because of its antioxidant essence. The present study aims to investigate the effect of inhaling the smoke from burning olive leaf on some blood biochemical factors, liver enzymes activity, and changes in liver, kidney and lung tissues in male Wistar rats.
Methods
The olive leaves were first collected in April 2020 from five-year-old olive trees in the farms in Najafabad, Iran. The collected leaves were dried in the shade at room temperature for 10 days. In this study, 21 male Wistar rats (weighing 150‒200 g) were bought from the Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch. The rats were kept in individual cages at the ambient temperature (20‒25 °C) and relative indoor humidity of about 50% under a 12:12 h dark/light cycle. After adaption to the environmental conditions (one weak), the rats were randomly divided into three groups including control (no smoke), olive smoke for 1 hr/day, and olive smoke for 2 hr/day. For smoke production, an electric heater was used to burn the dried powders. For treatment, the rats were put in a vitreous chamber that had a spiracle for smoke entry and a spiracle to exit the additional smoke.
In the end, after 24 h from the final exposure to the smoke, all the rats were killed under ether anesthesia, and the blood samples were directly taken by using the cardiac puncture method from the rats’ hearts. The serum levels of blood biochemical parameters were assayed. Also, the liver, kidney, and lung tissues were isolated for histopathological examinations. All data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 21. To examine the differences among the groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test were used.
Results
Results showed that level of glucose increased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control group (P<0.001), but the changes in the level of ALT, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cholesterol, urea, creatinine were not significant (P>0.05). The activity level of aspartate aminotransferase and gama-glutamyltransferase after 2-h smoke treatment increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001). Also, histological studies on liver showed liver disorders in some treated groups compared to the controls, such as the lysis of hepatocytes, the accumulation of kupffer cells and lymphocytes. Moreover, lung and kidney tissues were functionally healthy.
Conclusion
Treatment with the smoke of olive leaves for two hours increased blood glucose, but did not cause significant changes in cholesterol, urea, and creatinine levels. This treatment option also increased the activity of liver enzymes. In contrast, treatment with olive leaf smoke for one hour did not cause significant changes in blood biochemical factors and liver, lung and kidney tissues in rats. Therefore, it is recommended to check the serological, biochemical and histological factors of rats 20 days after the last treatment with olive leaf smoke.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch (Code: IR.IAU.FALA.REC.1399.036).
Funding
The paper was extracted from the master’s thesis of Faezeh Soltani-Najafabadi, approved by Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, supervision: Leila Amjad, Kahin Shahanipour and Amir-Masoud Mashayekh; Writing the initial draft: Faezeh Soltani-Najafabadi; Review and editing: Leila Amjad; Resources: All authors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, for their spiritual support.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
طب سنتی
Received: 2023/01/30 | Accepted: 2023/07/15 | Published: 2023/08/1
Received: 2023/01/30 | Accepted: 2023/07/15 | Published: 2023/08/1
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