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Gholipour F Z, Alaee N, Norouzadeh R, Fotokian Z. The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-being and Self-efficacy in Older Adults With Chronic Diseases in Babol, North of Iran. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2024; 18 : 2282.7
URL: http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-3924-en.html
URL: http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-3924-en.html
1- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. ,alaei@shahed.ac.ir
3- Nursing Care Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
2- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. ,
3- Nursing Care Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Introduction
Older people suffer from many problems and chronic diseases. To maintain their health, they should be able to take care of themselves. Spiritual well-being and self-efficacy are important dimensions of health and an important aspect of the life in the elderly. The present study aims to determine the relationship between spiritual well-being and self-efficacy in older people with chronic diseases in Babol, north of Iran.
Methods
This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted for 4 months (from May to August 2023) on 225 older people referred to three urban and one rural comprehensive health centers of Babol City using a convenience sampling method and according to the entry criteria. The abbreviated mental test was used to measure their cognitive ability. Data were collected using Paloutzian & Craig’s spiritual well-being scale (SWB) with 20 items and Schwarzer & Jerusalem’s general self-efficacy scale with 17 items. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation test, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, regression analysis) in SPSS software, version 20.
Results
Among 225 older people, 41.3% (n=93) were male and 58.7% (n=132) were female. The mean scores of spiritual well-being (109.98±12.58) and self-efficacy (78.4±7.46) were favorable. The SWB and self-efficacy of older adults were not significantly different in terms of age and number of chronic diseases, but they were significantly different based on gender, marital status, educational level, occupation, living arrangement, family income, history of exercise, history of smoking, and duration of chronic disease (P<0.05).
SWB had a positive and significant correlation with self-efficacy (r=0.973, P<0.001); with the increase of spiritual well-being in older adults, their self-efficacy increases. Based on the regression analysis results, spiritual well-being could predict 94.7% of the variance in self-efficacy (P<0.001, β=0.97).
Conclusion
The older adults with chronic diseases in Babol City has a high level of SWB and self-efficacy, and there is a significant strong correlation between these two variables. The increase in their SWB can increase their self-efficacy. Those who were married, had more than three children, had diploma and lower education, lived with their spouse, had enough income, had no history of exercise and smoking and had chronic disease for 6-10 years, showed higher spiritual well-being and self-efficacy. Considering the importance of SWB and self-efficacy in the elderly, the results of this study can be useful for policymakers in Iran in the field of geriatric health.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahed University, Tehran, Iran (Code: IR,SHAHED.REC1401,122).
Funding
This study was taken from the master's thesis of Fatemeh Zahra Gholipour, approved by the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Authors contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing this article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all participants and the selected health centers in Babol City for their cooperation.
Older people suffer from many problems and chronic diseases. To maintain their health, they should be able to take care of themselves. Spiritual well-being and self-efficacy are important dimensions of health and an important aspect of the life in the elderly. The present study aims to determine the relationship between spiritual well-being and self-efficacy in older people with chronic diseases in Babol, north of Iran.
Methods
This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted for 4 months (from May to August 2023) on 225 older people referred to three urban and one rural comprehensive health centers of Babol City using a convenience sampling method and according to the entry criteria. The abbreviated mental test was used to measure their cognitive ability. Data were collected using Paloutzian & Craig’s spiritual well-being scale (SWB) with 20 items and Schwarzer & Jerusalem’s general self-efficacy scale with 17 items. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation test, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, regression analysis) in SPSS software, version 20.
Results
Among 225 older people, 41.3% (n=93) were male and 58.7% (n=132) were female. The mean scores of spiritual well-being (109.98±12.58) and self-efficacy (78.4±7.46) were favorable. The SWB and self-efficacy of older adults were not significantly different in terms of age and number of chronic diseases, but they were significantly different based on gender, marital status, educational level, occupation, living arrangement, family income, history of exercise, history of smoking, and duration of chronic disease (P<0.05).
SWB had a positive and significant correlation with self-efficacy (r=0.973, P<0.001); with the increase of spiritual well-being in older adults, their self-efficacy increases. Based on the regression analysis results, spiritual well-being could predict 94.7% of the variance in self-efficacy (P<0.001, β=0.97).
Conclusion
The older adults with chronic diseases in Babol City has a high level of SWB and self-efficacy, and there is a significant strong correlation between these two variables. The increase in their SWB can increase their self-efficacy. Those who were married, had more than three children, had diploma and lower education, lived with their spouse, had enough income, had no history of exercise and smoking and had chronic disease for 6-10 years, showed higher spiritual well-being and self-efficacy. Considering the importance of SWB and self-efficacy in the elderly, the results of this study can be useful for policymakers in Iran in the field of geriatric health.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahed University, Tehran, Iran (Code: IR,SHAHED.REC1401,122).
Funding
This study was taken from the master's thesis of Fatemeh Zahra Gholipour, approved by the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Authors contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing this article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all participants and the selected health centers in Babol City for their cooperation.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
پرستاری-جراحی-ویژه-کودکان
Received: 2024/03/8 | Accepted: 2024/06/8 | Published: 2024/04/29
Received: 2024/03/8 | Accepted: 2024/06/8 | Published: 2024/04/29
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